Income Tax Guide

Income Tax Payment Online WealthSure for Indian Taxpayers

Income tax payment online WealthSure is a practical guide for Indian taxpayers who want to pay tax digitally, choose the right assessment year, select the correct challan category, save payment proof and connect the payment properly with ITR filing.

Published: Modified: By , Income Tax Specialist Publisher: WealthSure

Key Takeaways

  • Income tax payment online should be completed through the official e-Pay Tax route using correct PAN, assessment year, tax category and payment details.
  • Assessment year selection is one of the most important checks because a wrong year can create mismatch during ITR filing or payment verification.
  • Advance tax, self-assessment tax and regular assessment tax are not the same; each is used for a different timing and compliance situation.
  • The challan or receipt is your payment proof and should be saved immediately with CRN, CIN, amount, date, BSR code and tax category details.
  • After payment, verify the entry in tax payment history, AIS, TIS or Form 26AS where applicable before relying on it in your ITR.
  • Do not duplicate payment immediately if money is deducted but challan is not generated; first check payment status and bank reversal.
  • WealthSure can help when the payment connects to ITR filing, capital gains, freelancer income, NRI income, notices or mismatch resolution.

What This Page Covers

  • What income tax payment online means for Indian taxpayers and where the official payment process is completed.
  • When to pay advance tax, self-assessment tax, regular assessment tax or other direct tax amounts.
  • How to choose the correct assessment year, payment category, challan form and minor head before confirming payment.
  • Payment modes available on the e-Pay Tax route and what details to save after payment.
  • How to download, preserve and verify challan details in tax payment history, AIS, TIS or Form 26AS.
  • Common mistakes such as wrong assessment year, duplicate payment, wrong PAN, wrong category and missing receipt.
  • Where WealthSure’s expert-assisted tax support can help when payment and ITR filing need to match accurately.
Income tax payment online WealthSure guide for Indian taxpayers
A practical guide to online tax payment, challan selection, assessment year checks and ITR-ready verification.

Income tax payment online WealthSure is searched by taxpayers who are ready to make a tax payment but want a clear, safe and practical explanation before they click “Pay”. Some users want to know how to make income tax payment online through WealthSure-style expert guidance. Others are looking for a step-by-step guide to pay income tax online, understand whether WealthSure can help with online income tax payment, check if the payment is safe, or find out how to verify payment status after paying online.

The real concern is usually not just “where is the payment button?” It is whether the correct assessment year has been selected, whether the payment should be advance tax or self-assessment tax, whether the challan category is correct, whether the amount includes interest, and whether the receipt will match the income tax return later. A taxpayer may complete the payment in minutes, but a wrong assessment year or incorrect payment type can create extra work during ITR filing, refund processing, notice response or challan correction.

For Indian taxpayers, online payment matters because tax compliance is increasingly document-driven and portal-driven. Salaried employees may need to pay self-assessment tax when TDS is short. Freelancers and professionals may need to pay advance tax during the year. Investors may need to pay tax after capital gains. NRIs may need to pay tax on Indian income. Business owners may need accurate challan records before filing returns. In each case, the payment is useful only when it is correctly linked to PAN, assessment year, minor head, amount and return filing records.

This article explains what income tax payment online means, where to pay through the official Income Tax e-Filing portal, how to choose the correct assessment year, how to understand advance tax versus self-assessment tax, how to save and verify the challan, and what to do if money is deducted but the challan is not generated. WealthSure is introduced only where expert support is genuinely useful: reviewing tax liability, selecting the correct payment category, reconciling payment records, and connecting payment with accurate ITR filing through ITR filing support or expert tax guidance.

Quick Answer: Income Tax Payment Online

Income tax payment online means paying direct taxes digitally through the official Income Tax e-Filing portal’s e-Pay Tax service or other authorised tax-payment channels. The taxpayer selects the relevant tax category, assessment year, payment amount and payment mode, then saves the challan or receipt as proof.

For most individual taxpayers, the most common payments are advance tax during the financial year and self-assessment tax before filing the ITR. Regular assessment tax is generally paid after a demand or assessment. The correct choice depends on why you are paying, when you are paying, and which year the income belongs to.

The safest approach is to calculate tax first, confirm the assessment year, check TDS and advance tax already paid, select the correct challan category, complete payment, download the receipt and verify the payment in tax records before filing. If the payment involves capital gains, freelancer income, NRI income, interest calculation, notice demand or mismatch, expert help can prevent avoidable errors.

Methodology and Official Sources

This guide is based on the practical tax-payment workflow used by Indian taxpayers, the official Income Tax e-Filing portal, and common compliance issues seen during ITR filing, challan verification and payment reconciliation. Actual payment should be made on the official Income Tax e-Filing portal or authorised channels, not through random links or unofficial pages.

The article uses official references such as the Income Tax Department’s e-Pay Tax guidance, the Create Challan Form CRN user manual, the payment status guidance, and broader investor context from SEBI where capital gains and market transactions affect tax payment. Portal screens, payment modes and labels can change, so taxpayers should always verify the latest portal instructions at the time of payment.

WealthSure’s role is advisory and compliance-focused. It can help you interpret your tax position, calculate payable amount, select the right category, reconcile tax records and file your ITR accurately. It does not replace the official portal for making the actual government tax payment.

What Is Income Tax Payment Online?

Income tax payment online is the digital process of paying income tax dues to the government using PAN-based details, assessment year selection, challan generation and an authorised payment mode. It is commonly used when tax remains payable after considering TDS, TCS, advance tax, reliefs, deductions, exemptions and applicable interest.

In simple terms, the taxpayer first understands the reason for payment, then uses the official e-Pay Tax route to create or complete a tax payment. The system captures payment details and produces a challan or receipt that can be used while filing the income tax return or responding to a tax demand.

The important point is that online payment is not separate from tax filing. The payment must match the income year, tax type and PAN records used in your ITR. If a payment is made under the wrong year or wrong category, the ITR may still show tax payable or the department’s records may require correction.

When Do You Need to Pay Income Tax Online?

You need to pay income tax online when your final tax liability is higher than the tax already paid or deducted on your behalf. This can happen before filing an ITR, during the financial year, after a tax demand, or while correcting a past return.

Common situations include salary TDS shortfall, interest income not fully covered by TDS, freelance or professional income, capital gains from shares or property, rental income, foreign income, NRI Indian income, business income and tax demand after processing. A salaried person may have tax due because of job change, missed declarations, interest income or capital gains. A freelancer may need advance tax because no employer deducts tax every month. An investor may need to pay tax before filing because capital gains were not fully captured in TDS.

If you are unsure about the payable amount, use a tax calculation review before payment. For taxpayers with income from freelancing, business or capital gains, WealthSure’s advance tax calculation support and capital gains tax review can help estimate liability before the challan is generated.

Types of Online Income Tax Payments in India

The correct tax payment type depends on why the taxpayer is paying. Advance tax, self-assessment tax and regular assessment tax may all be income tax payments, but they serve different compliance stages.

Payment typeWhen it is usedCommon taxpayer exampleKey caution
Advance taxDuring the financial year when estimated tax liability is payable in instalmentsFreelancer, business owner, investor or salaried person with large non-salary incomeEstimate income and interest carefully before payment
Self-assessment taxAfter year-end and before ITR filing when tax remains payableSalaried employee with short TDS or investor with capital gainsSelect correct assessment year and enter challan details in ITR
Regular assessment taxAfter department processing, assessment or demandTaxpayer receiving demand after ITR processing or assessmentMatch demand details before paying
Fee or other paymentsWhere applicable for specific fees, interest or other statutory amountsLate filing fee or other portal-specified paymentCheck the exact category and section

A simple rule helps: pay advance tax while the year is still running, pay self-assessment tax before return filing after the year ends, and pay regular assessment tax only when there is a demand or assessment-linked liability. If your situation involves more than one income source, review the full tax computation before selecting the category.

Step-by-Step Guide to Pay Income Tax Online

The practical workflow is to calculate tax first, then complete payment on the official portal, save the challan and match it with your return. Do not start with the payment screen before understanding the assessment year and payment type.

  1. Calculate payable tax. Consider salary, business income, freelancer receipts, interest, rent, capital gains, foreign income, deductions, exemptions, TDS, TCS, advance tax and applicable interest.
  2. Open the official e-Filing portal. Use the e-Pay Tax service from the official Income Tax portal. Avoid search ads or unfamiliar payment links.
  3. Enter PAN or log in. Depending on the portal route, you may use PAN, mobile OTP verification or login-based access.
  4. Select income tax payment. Choose the relevant tax tile or payment category such as income tax.
  5. Select the assessment year. Confirm that the year corresponds to the income year for which tax is being paid.
  6. Choose the tax type or minor head. Select advance tax, self-assessment tax, regular assessment tax or other applicable category.
  7. Enter payment amount carefully. Split tax, surcharge, cess, interest, fee and penalty fields correctly where the portal asks for them.
  8. Select payment mode. Choose from the available net banking, debit card, payment gateway, UPI, RTGS/NEFT or authorised bank options shown at the time.
  9. Review before confirmation. Check PAN, name, assessment year, tax category, amount and mode before payment.
  10. Download and save receipt. Save the challan or acknowledgement and keep a copy with your ITR documents.
  11. Verify records. Check tax payment history, AIS, TIS or Form 26AS before final filing wherever possible.

If you are filing through WealthSure’s assisted ITR filing support, keep your challan PDF, bank debit confirmation and tax computation ready so the payment can be captured correctly in the return.

Assessment Year vs Financial Year: What to Select

The assessment year is the year immediately after the financial year for which income is assessed. Selecting the wrong assessment year is one of the most common and costly mistakes in online tax payment.

For example, income earned from 1 April 2025 to 31 March 2026 belongs to Financial Year 2025-26 and is generally assessed in Assessment Year 2026-27. If a taxpayer pays self-assessment tax for that income but selects Assessment Year 2025-26 by mistake, the payment may not automatically match the intended return.

How to remember the difference

The financial year is when the income happens. The assessment year is when that income is reported and assessed through the ITR. When paying self-assessment tax before filing, you usually select the assessment year for the return you are filing. When paying advance tax during a financial year, the portal’s options and labels should be checked carefully because payment is linked to the assessment year corresponding to that financial year.

Why this matters for ITR filing

ITR utilities, tax credit records and department processing depend on year-wise matching. Even when the amount is correct, a wrong year can create mismatch. Before payment, check your computation sheet, Form 16, AIS, capital gains statement or business books and confirm the return year. If you have already selected the wrong year, do not ignore it; check correction options or seek professional support through revised and updated return assistance where return filing is also affected.

Details to Check Before Making Payment

You should review PAN, name, assessment year, tax category, payment amount and challan details before confirming online income tax payment. Most errors happen because taxpayers rush through the payment screen after calculating tax.

Detail to checkWhy it mattersWhat to verify
PAN and namePayment must map to the correct taxpayerCheck PAN, masked name and mobile OTP details
Assessment yearPayment must match the return yearMatch with the ITR year or demand year
Tax categoryDifferent categories are reported differentlyAdvance tax, self-assessment tax or regular assessment tax
Amount splitTax, interest, fee and penalty may need separate fieldsUse your computation sheet before entering numbers
Payment modeFailed payments and bank delays can occurSave bank reference and challan details
Receipt detailsITR filing may require challan proofSave CRN, CIN, BSR code, date and amount

Do not rely only on memory after payment. Store the challan PDF in a tax folder with the relevant assessment year. If WealthSure is helping with return filing, upload the challan along with Form 16, AIS, TIS, Form 26AS and capital gains statements where applicable.

Payment Modes Available for Online Tax Payment

The e-Pay Tax route may offer multiple payment modes, but available options can vary by bank, taxpayer type and portal updates. Always select a mode you can complete and track reliably.

Common routes may include net banking, debit card, payment gateway options, UPI, RTGS/NEFT and authorised bank counters where available. After choosing a payment mode, complete the bank or gateway steps without refreshing unnecessarily. Save the bank reference number, screenshot or acknowledgement until the challan is generated and payment status is confirmed.

If payment fails, do not immediately repeat a large payment. First check whether your bank account was debited. Then check portal payment status. If money was debited but the challan is not visible, keep records ready and allow for status update or reversal before deciding the next step.

How to Download Challan or Payment Receipt

The challan or receipt is the key proof that your online tax payment was initiated and completed. Download it immediately after successful payment and save it in more than one place.

A proper payment acknowledgement may include CRN, CIN, BSR code, challan serial number, payment date, amount, assessment year, PAN, tax category and bank reference. These details help you verify payment status and enter tax-paid information in your ITR if required. If you are unable to download it immediately, check the payment status or challan history section on the e-Filing portal.

For assisted filing, the challan is not just a receipt; it is a tax document. Upload it to WealthSure’s filing workflow when using document upload for tax filing or share it with your assigned tax expert for matching.

How to Verify Payment in AIS, Form 26AS or Tax Payment History

You should verify online tax payment through official tax records before relying on it in your return. The payment may appear in tax payment history, AIS, TIS or Form 26AS after processing time.

Match the amount, assessment year, challan number, date and tax type. If the payment has not appeared but the challan exists, keep the receipt and check again after a reasonable interval. If there is a mismatch close to filing deadline or after a demand notice, expert support may be useful through income tax notice response support or ITR filing review.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Paying Income Tax Online

The most common errors are not technical; they are selection and verification mistakes. The payment screen may be simple, but the tax decision behind the payment needs care.

MistakeWhy it creates problemsBetter approach
Selecting wrong assessment yearPayment may not match intended returnMatch financial year and assessment year before payment
Choosing wrong payment categoryAdvance tax, self-assessment tax and demand tax have different purposesSelect based on timing and reason for payment
Paying before calculating full liabilityInterest or fee may remain unpaidPrepare computation first
Not saving the challanITR filing and reconciliation become harderDownload and store receipt immediately
Duplicate payment after failed screenCan create refund or reconciliation workCheck bank debit and payment status first
Ignoring AIS or Form 26AS mismatchReturn may be processed with tax demand or mismatchVerify official records before filing

If the mistake has already happened, the solution depends on the facts. Sometimes the entry updates later. Sometimes challan correction, return correction or response to demand may be needed. Avoid guessing when the amount is significant.

Practical Examples: How Taxpayers Should Handle Online Tax Payment

These examples show how the same online payment process can require different decisions depending on the taxpayer’s situation.

Example 1: Salaried employee paying self-assessment tax before ITR filing

Neha changed jobs during the year and both employers gave basic exemption benefit. Her Form 16s looked fine separately, but when income was combined, some tax remained payable. The common mistake would be filing ITR without paying self-assessment tax or selecting the wrong assessment year in a hurry. The correct approach is to combine salary income, check TDS, calculate tax and interest, pay self-assessment tax for the correct assessment year, save the challan and enter the payment details while filing. WealthSure can help review salary documents and file the return accurately through income tax filing support when the case is simple or assisted filing when multiple documents are involved.

Example 2: Freelancer paying advance tax to avoid interest

Rahul is a freelance designer who receives payments from Indian and overseas clients. Because no employer deducts monthly TDS, his tax liability can build up during the year. The common mistake is waiting until ITR filing and then being surprised by interest. The correct approach is to estimate quarterly income, expenses and tax, then pay advance tax within applicable timelines. WealthSure’s tax expert can help classify income, estimate advance tax and maintain payment records so the year-end ITR is smoother.

Example 3: Investor paying tax on capital gains before return filing

Anita sold listed shares and mutual funds during the year. Her broker statement showed gains, but no tax was fully paid on the final capital gains liability. The common mistake is assuming that all investment transactions are already covered by TDS. The correct approach is to compute short-term and long-term capital gains, check exemptions or set-offs where applicable, calculate payable tax and then pay self-assessment tax before filing. Because capital gains depend on dates, cost, indexation rules where applicable and reporting schedules, expert review through WealthSure can reduce classification and reporting errors.

Example 4: Taxpayer whose money was deducted but challan was not generated

Sameer attempted payment near the filing deadline. His bank account was debited, but the portal screen did not show a challan. The common mistake would be making a second payment immediately. The better approach is to save the bank debit proof, check payment status on the official portal, wait for update or reversal where appropriate, and contact the relevant support channel if the payment does not reconcile. If ITR filing is urgent, a tax expert can help decide whether to wait, file with available evidence, or take another compliant step based on the facts.

Income Tax Payment Online Checklist

Use this checklist before and after payment so the challan supports your ITR instead of creating mismatch.

  • Confirm the financial year and assessment year.
  • Calculate tax after considering all income sources, TDS, TCS, deductions, reliefs and advance tax already paid.
  • Select the correct payment category: advance tax, self-assessment tax, regular assessment tax or other applicable payment.
  • Check PAN, name, mobile OTP and taxpayer details before proceeding.
  • Enter tax, surcharge, cess, interest, fee or penalty amounts carefully.
  • Use a payment mode you can track through bank statement or payment reference.
  • Download the challan or receipt immediately after successful payment.
  • Verify CRN, CIN, BSR code, challan serial number, date, amount and assessment year.
  • Check payment status, AIS, TIS or Form 26AS before final filing where possible.
  • Share the challan with your return preparer or upload it with ITR documents.

How WealthSure Can Help with Online Income Tax Payment

WealthSure helps Indian taxpayers connect tax payment with correct return filing and compliance. The actual government payment should be completed through the official portal, but WealthSure can help you understand what to pay, why to pay, which category to select and how to reconcile the payment in your ITR.

This is especially useful when your tax liability involves multiple Form 16s, freelance income, business income, capital gains, NRI income, foreign income, advance tax interest, demand notices or AIS/Form 26AS mismatch. WealthSure’s focus is practical: calculate correctly, document properly, file accurately and reduce avoidable back-and-forth.

Summary: Income Tax Payment Online

Income tax payment online is the process of paying income tax digitally through the official e-Pay Tax route or authorised channels. Indian taxpayers should calculate liability first, choose the correct assessment year, select the right tax category and save the challan or receipt after payment.

The most common payment types are advance tax, self-assessment tax and regular assessment tax. Advance tax is generally paid during the financial year, self-assessment tax before filing the ITR after year-end, and regular assessment tax when a demand or assessment requires payment.

The most important checks are PAN, assessment year, tax type, amount, payment mode, CRN, CIN and receipt details. After payment, verify the entry in tax payment history, AIS, TIS or Form 26AS where applicable. WealthSure can help when the payment connects to ITR filing, capital gains, freelancer income, NRI taxation, notices or payment mismatches.

FAQs on Income Tax Payment Online

What does income tax payment online WealthSure mean for Indian taxpayers?

Income tax payment online WealthSure means understanding how Indian taxpayers can complete tax payment digitally while using WealthSure’s expert support where the decision requires tax knowledge. The actual payment should be made through the official Income Tax e-Filing portal or authorised payment channels. WealthSure can help before or after that step by reviewing your tax liability, identifying whether the amount is advance tax, self-assessment tax or regular assessment tax, checking assessment year selection, and helping match the challan with ITR filing records. This is useful when you are unsure about the amount, category, year, interest, capital gains, NRI income or AIS/Form 26AS mismatch. The goal is not to bypass the official portal, but to make sure the payment you make is accurate, documented and usable during return filing.

Where should I pay income tax online in India?

Indian taxpayers should pay income tax online through the official Income Tax e-Filing portal using the e-Pay Tax service or other authorised tax-payment channels shown by the government. The portal allows taxpayers to enter PAN or log in, select the relevant payment type, choose the assessment year, generate a Challan Form or CRN, and complete payment through available modes. Avoid unofficial links, random payment pages or search-result ads that do not clearly belong to the official portal or authorised banking route. After successful payment, save the challan or acknowledgement. If you are using WealthSure for filing or advisory, the challan proof can be shared with the tax expert so the payment is correctly reflected in your ITR computation.

Which assessment year should I select while making income tax payment online?

You should select the assessment year that corresponds to the financial year for which the income is taxable. In general, income earned in a financial year is assessed in the next assessment year. For example, income earned during Financial Year 2025-26 is generally reported in Assessment Year 2026-27. This distinction matters because tax payments are matched year-wise in official records and ITR processing. If you select the wrong assessment year, the payment may not match the return you intend to file, even if the amount is correct. Before payment, check your return year, computation sheet, Form 16, AIS or capital gains statement. If a wrong year has already been selected, review correction or reconciliation options rather than ignoring the issue.

What is the difference between advance tax and self-assessment tax?

Advance tax is paid during the financial year based on estimated tax liability, while self-assessment tax is usually paid after the financial year ends and before filing the income tax return. Advance tax is common for freelancers, business owners, professionals, investors and taxpayers with income on which sufficient TDS is not deducted. Self-assessment tax is common when the final ITR computation shows tax payable after considering TDS, TCS, advance tax, deductions, reliefs and interest. The distinction matters because the challan category should reflect the purpose and timing of payment. If you are unsure, calculate your tax position first. WealthSure can help review whether the payment should be advance tax or self-assessment tax based on income sources and timing.

How can I download the income tax challan or payment receipt?

After successful online payment, the portal or payment route generally provides a challan receipt, acknowledgement or downloadable proof. Save it immediately as a PDF or image and keep it with your tax records. Important details include CRN, CIN, BSR code, challan serial number, payment date, amount, assessment year, PAN and tax category. These details may be needed while filing the ITR, responding to a mismatch, checking payment status or explaining tax paid to an advisor. If you close the page before downloading, log in to the e-Filing portal and check payment history or challan status. Also keep the bank debit reference until the tax-payment record is visible in official records.

How do I check whether my tax payment is reflected in AIS or Form 26AS?

You can check tax payment reflection by logging in to the official e-Filing portal and reviewing tax payment history, AIS, TIS and Form 26AS where applicable. Match the payment amount, assessment year, challan number, date and tax category with your receipt. Some payments may take time to appear, so do not assume failure immediately if the bank debit and challan exist. If the payment still does not appear after reasonable time, check the payment status and bank reference. During ITR filing, ensure the challan details are entered or auto-populated correctly. If the return shows tax payable despite payment, there may be a mismatch that should be reviewed before submission.

What should I do if money is deducted but challan is not generated?

If money is deducted but the challan is not generated, first check your bank statement, payment reference and the e-Filing portal’s payment status or challan status. Do not immediately make a duplicate payment unless the first transaction has clearly failed or been reversed. Save screenshots, bank debit details, date, amount, PAN and any reference number. Sometimes payment status can update after a delay or the amount may reverse through the bank. If the issue continues, contact the bank or the Income Tax portal support channel with the evidence. If ITR filing or demand response is time-sensitive, WealthSure can help review whether to wait, reconcile, document the issue or take another compliant step.

Can I file ITR immediately after paying self-assessment tax?

You can file ITR after paying self-assessment tax, but you should ensure the challan details are correctly captured in the return. Ideally, verify the payment in official records before filing. If the payment has not yet appeared but you have a valid challan, keep the receipt and enter the details carefully where required. Do not file with incorrect challan number, wrong date, wrong amount or wrong assessment year. A mismatch can delay processing or create a tax payable notice. When filing through WealthSure, share the challan PDF and bank proof with your documents so the tax expert can match it with the computation and return schedules.

What common mistakes should I avoid while paying income tax online?

The most common mistakes are choosing the wrong assessment year, selecting the wrong tax category, entering an incorrect amount, paying before final computation, not saving the challan, and filing ITR without verifying the payment. Taxpayers also make duplicate payments when a payment screen fails, even though the bank account has already been debited. Another mistake is ignoring interest or fee components when tax is paid late. Before confirmation, review PAN, name, assessment year, payment type, amount split and payment mode. After payment, download the receipt and verify status. If your case has capital gains, foreign income, freelancer receipts or notice demand, consider expert review before payment.

When should I use WealthSure’s tax expert support for online tax payment?

Use expert support when you are unsure about tax liability, payment type, assessment year, interest calculation, capital gains, freelancer income, NRI income, foreign income, revised return, updated return, tax demand or AIS/Form 26AS mismatch. Self-service may be enough for a simple tax shortfall where the computation is clear. Expert-assisted support is safer when the amount is significant or the payment affects return filing accuracy. WealthSure can help calculate payable tax, identify the right category, review challan details, reconcile tax records and file the ITR with proper documentation. The objective is practical compliance, not unnecessary complexity.

Conclusion: Pay Online, But Verify Before You File

Income tax payment online is convenient, but the quality of the payment depends on correct selection and verification. The taxpayer’s real problem is not only completing a digital transaction; it is making sure the tax paid belongs to the correct PAN, assessment year, payment category and return filing record.

Self-service may be enough when your computation is simple and you clearly know the amount, year and category. Expert-assisted support becomes useful when tax payment is connected with capital gains, multiple Form 16s, freelancer income, NRI income, foreign income, a tax demand, delayed payment interest or mismatch in AIS/Form 26AS. In those cases, WealthSure can help you review the tax position, pay with better clarity and file the ITR with proper documentation.

At WealthSure, we don’t just file taxes — we simplify your financial journey and help you build long-term wealth with confidence.