MICR Code on Cheque: Meaning, Location, Format and Practical Uses
MICR code on cheque is a small 9-digit number, but it plays a large role in cheque clearing, cancelled-cheque verification, mandate setup and bank-detail accuracy. This WealthSure guide explains where to find it, how to read it, how it differs from IFSC and what Indian users should check before submitting banking documents.
Key Takeaways
- MICR code on cheque is a 9-digit branch code printed near the bottom of many Indian cheque leaves for machine-readable cheque processing.
- MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, a banking technology used to read cheque information quickly and reduce manual errors.
- MICR is not the same as IFSC; IFSC is used mainly for electronic transfers, while MICR is linked to cheque clearing and bank-branch identification.
- The 9 digits usually represent city, bank and branch, which is why copying even one digit incorrectly can create verification problems.
- A cancelled cheque often exposes MICR, IFSC and account details, so it should be shared only when required and with trusted parties.
- If the MICR line is unclear or the branch has changed, verify the current code from your bank before using it in formal documents.
- WealthSure can help when bank details affect tax filing or compliance, such as refund bank validation, NRI documentation or business return support.
What This Page Covers
- What MICR code on cheque means and why Indian banks use it.
- Where the MICR code is printed on a cheque leaf and how to avoid confusing it with the cheque number.
- The 9-digit MICR code format and the usual city-bank-branch structure.
- The difference between MICR code, IFSC code, cheque number and account number.
- When MICR is required for cancelled cheques, ECS, NACH, refunds, insurance and investment documentation.
- Common mistakes people make while filling banking forms that ask for MICR.
- When self-checking is enough and when expert support may help in tax or financial documentation workflows.
MICR code on cheque is one of the most searched banking details because people see a row of numbers at the bottom of a cheque leaf and are unsure which part is the cheque number, which part is the MICR code, and how it differs from IFSC. The confusion becomes urgent when a form asks for “bank branch MICR code,” “cancelled cheque with MICR,” or “MICR number for ECS/NACH mandate.” For Indian users, the code is not just a printed number; it is part of the banking infrastructure that helps identify the bank branch involved in cheque clearing.
The practical problem is simple. A salaried employee may need to submit a cancelled cheque for salary credit. A freelancer may be asked for bank proof while setting up a payment mandate. A taxpayer may need accurate bank details for refund validation during ITR filing support. An investor may need account proof for mutual fund, insurance or broking documentation. In all these situations, a wrong MICR code, faded cheque image or mismatched bank branch can delay verification, trigger follow-up requests, or cause the user to submit the document again.
This article explains MICR code full form, where MICR code is printed on cheque leaves, the 9-digit MICR format, the difference between MICR and IFSC, and the correct way to use a cancelled cheque. It also covers real-life mistakes such as using the cheque number instead of MICR, entering IFSC in the MICR field, submitting an outdated cheque after branch migration, or sharing cancelled-cheque images without basic caution.
WealthSure’s role here is practical and compliance-focused. MICR itself is a banking detail, so your bank is the final authority for confirming the exact code. However, bank details often connect with financial workflows such as tax refunds, NRI documentation, capital gains reporting, business ITR filing and document matching. When a small banking error affects a larger compliance task, expert-assisted support from WealthSure can help you review documents carefully and avoid avoidable delays.
Quick Answer: MICR Code on Cheque
MICR code on cheque is a 9-digit numeric code printed near the bottom of an Indian cheque leaf. It helps banks and cheque-clearing systems identify the city, bank and branch connected with the cheque. MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition.
You can usually find the MICR code in the machine-readable line at the bottom of the cheque. It is different from the 6-digit cheque number and different from IFSC. The MICR code is mainly relevant for cheque clearing, cancelled-cheque verification, ECS or NACH mandates and certain bank-detail forms.
If a document asks for MICR, copy all 9 digits carefully from your cheque leaf or verify them through your bank. If the cheque is old, faded, damaged or from a branch that has shifted or merged, confirm the current MICR code before submission.
For tax-related work, MICR may matter indirectly when a bank proof or cancelled cheque is used for refund, account validation or documentation review. WealthSure can help review such documents as part of assisted tax filing, refund follow-up and compliance support.
How This Guide Was Prepared
This guide is based on practical Indian banking workflows, cheque-clearing terminology and the way users commonly encounter MICR in cheque books, cancelled cheques, account-verification forms, ECS/NACH mandates and tax-related documentation. It refers to the Reserve Bank of India’s public material on MICR codes and cheque clearing, along with the National Payments Corporation of India’s information on the Cheque Truncation System.
For official reference, readers may review the RBI MICR code list, RBI material on Cheque Truncation System FAQs, NPCI’s Cheque Truncation System overview, and RBI’s public notification mentioning the availability of MICR and IFSC on cheque leaves through RBI customer-information communication.
Banking layouts, cheque formats and portal screens can change by bank and over time. Therefore, when a MICR code is needed for a legally or financially important submission, confirm the code through your bank or a current cheque leaf instead of relying only on memory or an old document.
What Is MICR Code on Cheque?
MICR code on cheque is a machine-readable branch code that helps identify the bank branch involved in cheque processing. It is printed in a special line at the bottom of many cheque leaves and is designed for automated reading during clearing.
MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. The phrase may sound technical, but the idea is straightforward. Banks need to process a large number of cheques accurately. Instead of relying only on manual reading, cheque information is printed in a format that machines can read. This reduces errors, speeds up sorting and helps route the cheque to the correct bank branch.
For customers, MICR usually becomes important in four situations. First, while identifying details on a cheque leaf. Second, while submitting a cancelled cheque for bank verification. Third, while filling forms for ECS, NACH, insurance, investment, salary or refund instructions. Fourth, while checking whether a cheque or bank-proof document contains all required details.
MICR is not a password, PIN or login credential. However, it is part of your bank-account proof when combined with account number, IFSC and account-holder name. Therefore, share cheque images and cancelled cheques carefully, especially over email, messaging apps or unsecured upload links.
| Term | Meaning | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| MICR | Magnetic Ink Character Recognition | Technology used to read cheque details through a machine-readable line |
| MICR code | 9-digit numeric branch code | Helps identify city, bank and branch for cheque-related processing |
| Cheque number | Usually a 6-digit number on the cheque | Identifies a specific cheque leaf within a cheque book |
| IFSC | 11-character alphanumeric code | Used mainly for electronic transfers like NEFT, RTGS and IMPS |
A simple way to remember it is this: MICR helps the cheque-clearing system identify the bank branch, while IFSC helps electronic transfer systems identify the bank branch for digital payments.
Where Is MICR Code Printed on a Cheque Leaf?
The MICR code is usually printed at the bottom of the cheque leaf in the machine-readable line. It commonly appears near the cheque number and other encoded banking details.
On many Indian cheques, the bottom line includes multiple pieces of information. The cheque number is often a 6-digit number. The MICR code is generally a 9-digit number. Some cheque leaves may also show the IFSC code in a separate printed area. Because all these numbers appear on one small document, users often copy the wrong number into forms.
When locating MICR, look for a 9-digit number printed in the bottom encoded strip. The style may look slightly different from normal text because it is printed for machine readability. If a form asks for MICR and you see more than one number on the cheque, do not guess. Confirm the exact code through your bank or branch.
How to identify the MICR code safely
- Look at the bottom line of the cheque leaf.
- Find the 9-digit numeric code in the encoded section.
- Do not use the 6-digit cheque number as MICR.
- Do not enter IFSC in a MICR field unless the form separately asks for IFSC.
- Use a current cheque leaf, not an old cheque from a closed or migrated branch.
- Verify through bank support if the printed line is unclear.
For a cancelled cheque submission, write “CANCELLED” across the cheque but avoid covering the account number, IFSC, MICR line, bank name or account-holder name if the recipient needs to verify them. This keeps the cheque unusable for withdrawal while still preserving the details required for account verification.
MICR Code Format: What Do the 9 Digits Mean?
A MICR code is generally structured as city code, bank code and branch code. Each part helps identify where the cheque belongs within the clearing network.
The usual 9-digit structure can be understood in three blocks of three digits each. The first three digits represent the city or clearing location. The next three digits represent the bank. The final three digits represent the branch. Customers do not usually need to decode the number, but understanding the structure helps them recognise that MICR is a branch-level code and not a random cheque identifier.
| Digits | Common meaning | Customer takeaway |
|---|---|---|
| First 3 digits | City or clearing location | Shows the broad clearing location connected with the branch |
| Middle 3 digits | Bank code | Identifies the bank in the clearing system |
| Last 3 digits | Branch code | Identifies the branch within the bank network |
For example, if a form asks for MICR and you enter an 8-digit or 11-character code, the form is likely to fail validation or be questioned. Similarly, if the 9 digits are correct but the account belongs to a different branch after migration, the recipient may ask for a fresh cancelled cheque or bank confirmation.
In daily banking, you do not need to memorise the MICR code. You only need to locate it accurately and use it when required. For important submissions, the best practice is to copy it from a current cheque leaf or verify it from an official bank record.
MICR Code vs IFSC Code: Which One Should You Use?
Use MICR when a form asks for cheque-related branch identification; use IFSC for electronic transfers such as NEFT, RTGS and IMPS. The two codes serve different banking purposes.
IFSC stands for Indian Financial System Code. It is an 11-character alphanumeric code used mainly for electronic payment routing. MICR is a 9-digit numeric code printed in the cheque’s machine-readable line for cheque-clearing and branch-identification purposes. Some cheque leaves show both, which is helpful but also creates confusion.
9-digit numeric code used mainly for cheque clearing, branch identification and cancelled-cheque verification.
11-character alphanumeric code used mainly for electronic fund transfers such as NEFT, RTGS and IMPS.
If a platform asks for IFSC, do not enter MICR. If a physical mandate asks for MICR, do not enter IFSC in that field. A small mismatch can cause rejection, especially in documents processed by banks, employers, insurers, investment platforms or government-linked payment systems.
| Comparison point | MICR code | IFSC code |
|---|---|---|
| Length | 9 digits | 11 characters |
| Format | Numeric | Alphanumeric |
| Main use | Cheque clearing and branch identification | Digital fund transfer routing |
| Where found | Bottom line of cheque leaf; bank records | Cheque leaf, passbook, bank statement, net banking and branch records |
| Common mistake | Entered in IFSC field | Entered in MICR field |
When Do Indian Users Need MICR Code?
Indian users usually need MICR when a bank, employer, insurer, investment platform or institution asks for branch details through a cheque or mandate form. It is not needed for every transaction, but it matters when the document specifically asks for it.
MICR appears in many everyday financial workflows. A person may not think about it while using UPI or net banking, but it becomes visible during offline or semi-digital verification. The most common trigger is a cancelled cheque. A cancelled cheque may be requested to verify the account number, account-holder name, IFSC and MICR before money is credited or a mandate is activated.
Common situations where MICR may be requested
- Submitting a cancelled cheque for salary account setup.
- Completing ECS or NACH mandate forms for recurring debits or credits.
- Providing bank proof for insurance premium auto-debit or claim payout.
- Submitting bank details for investment, broking, demat or mutual-fund-related verification.
- Providing account proof for loan disbursement or EMI mandate setup.
- Updating bank details for business payments or vendor onboarding.
- Sharing bank proof during tax-return documentation, refund follow-up or professional review.
When tax filing is involved, MICR is not usually the primary field a taxpayer focuses on. However, bank proof and cancelled cheque details may support account validation or documentation review. For users who need help with refund-related documentation or return filing, Ask a WealthSure tax expert can be useful when the banking detail is part of a larger compliance question.
How MICR Code Supports Cheque Clearing in India
MICR supports cheque clearing by allowing the cheque’s bank and branch details to be captured and processed efficiently. In India’s cheque-processing ecosystem, MICR data works along with cheque images and other details.
The Cheque Truncation System, commonly called CTS, reduced the need to physically move cheques from one location to another for clearing. In an image-based system, the presenting bank captures cheque image and related data, including MICR information, and sends it electronically through the clearing process. This improves speed and reduces logistics compared with older physical movement-heavy processes.
For a customer, this means a cheque leaf should be clean, correctly filled, properly signed and not damaged in the MICR area. If the encoded line is torn, overwritten, folded, heavily stamped or unreadable, the cheque may require additional handling or be rejected by the bank. Even if your bank can sometimes process exceptions manually, it is better to avoid issuing a damaged cheque.
Digital payment systems have reduced the use of cheques for many people, but cheques still appear in rent deposits, business payments, loan documentation, security deposits, legal settlements, institutional payments and traditional accounting. That is why understanding MICR remains useful.
Common Mistakes to Avoid with MICR Code on Cheque
The most common mistake is copying the wrong number from the cheque leaf. A cheque contains multiple numbers, and using the wrong one can delay verification or cause rejection.
| Mistake | Why it creates a problem | Better action |
|---|---|---|
| Using cheque number as MICR | Cheque number identifies the leaf, not the branch | Use the 9-digit MICR code from the bottom line |
| Entering IFSC in MICR field | IFSC has a different format and purpose | Read the form label and enter the correct code |
| Using an old cheque after branch migration | Bank details may no longer match current records | Confirm current MICR from the bank |
| Covering MICR while cancelling cheque | The recipient cannot verify the detail | Write “CANCELLED” without hiding the printed line |
| Sharing cheque images casually | Account details can be misused or circulated | Share only through trusted channels when required |
| Issuing a damaged cheque | Machine-readable line may not scan properly | Use a clean, undamaged cheque leaf |
These mistakes are easy to avoid if you treat the cheque as a financial document, not just a piece of paper. Before submitting any cheque copy, check whether the recipient needs the original, a cancelled cheque, a scanned copy, a bank statement or a bank letter. For sensitive tasks, use official upload channels and keep a record of what you submitted.
MICR Code on Cheque Checklist Before You Submit a Form
Before submitting a cheque or bank-detail form, verify that the MICR code and related account information are readable, current and copied correctly. This small checklist can prevent repeated documentation requests.
- Check that the form actually asks for MICR and not IFSC.
- Copy all 9 digits of the MICR code without spaces unless the form format requires spacing.
- Confirm that the cheque belongs to the bank account you want to use.
- Use a current cheque book linked to an active account.
- Make sure the account-holder name is visible if the recipient needs bank proof.
- If submitting a cancelled cheque, do not cover account number, IFSC or MICR.
- Verify the code with your bank if the cheque is old, faded or linked to a migrated branch.
- Do not send cheque images over unsecured public links.
- Keep a copy of the submitted document and acknowledgement, if available.
- For tax or compliance workflows, match bank details with the return, portal or official record being used.
Practical Examples: How MICR Confusion Happens
MICR mistakes usually happen when a user is in a hurry to submit a form and copies the first number visible on the cheque. The following examples show how to avoid that.
Example 1: Salaried employee submitting a cancelled cheque
Riya joins a new company in Pune and is asked to upload a cancelled cheque for salary credit. She writes “CANCELLED” across the cheque but accidentally covers the MICR line at the bottom. The payroll team asks her to upload it again because they cannot verify the branch details clearly.
The correct approach is to write “CANCELLED” diagonally across the cheque while keeping the printed account number, IFSC, MICR and name visible. If the cheque does not show the account-holder name, she can ask the employer whether a bank statement or passbook copy is acceptable. Expert help is usually not needed for this simple task, but careful document handling saves time.
Example 2: Freelancer entering IFSC instead of MICR
Arjun is a freelancer receiving client payments through a platform that asks for both IFSC and MICR in separate fields. He copies his IFSC into both fields because he assumes the two codes mean the same thing. The platform rejects his bank verification and asks for a fresh submission.
The correct approach is to treat the codes separately. IFSC is 11 characters and used for electronic transfers. MICR is 9 digits and usually appears in the cheque’s bottom line. If Arjun is also filing business or professional income, accurate banking records can support clean documentation. He may use business and professional income filing support if his tax return involves multiple receipts, TDS and expenses.
Example 3: NRI using an outdated Indian cheque leaf
Meera, an NRI living in Dubai, uses an old Indian cheque leaf to submit bank details for an investment redemption. Her branch was merged after the cheque book was issued, and the platform asks for updated bank proof. The delay could have been avoided by checking the current branch details before submission.
The correct approach is to verify the current MICR and IFSC through the bank and use a fresh cancelled cheque, bank statement or bank letter as requested. Where the same bank details are used for Indian tax filing, foreign income reporting or capital gains documentation, NRI income tax filing support can help connect bank documentation with compliance requirements.
Example 4: Taxpayer checking refund bank validation
Sandeep files his ITR and expects a refund, but his bank account details need review. The issue is not the MICR alone; it is the overall match between bank account, PAN-linked information and validation records. He searches for MICR because he has a cancelled cheque, but the real task is to ensure the correct account is used for refund credit.
The correct approach is to verify bank details through the official tax portal and bank records, not by guessing from an old cheque. If the refund is delayed or bank validation fails, he may use income tax notice and response support or expert review depending on the communication received.
Summary: MICR Code on Cheque
MICR code on cheque is a 9-digit numeric code printed in the cheque’s machine-readable line. It helps identify the city, bank and branch for cheque-related processing and is commonly used in cancelled-cheque verification, ECS or NACH mandates and bank-proof documentation.
MICR is different from IFSC. IFSC is mainly used for electronic transfers such as NEFT, RTGS and IMPS, while MICR is linked to cheque clearing and branch identification. A cheque number is also different because it identifies a particular cheque leaf, not the bank branch.
Before using MICR in any form, confirm that the cheque is current, the printed line is readable and the 9 digits are copied accurately. If bank details affect tax filing, refund validation, NRI documentation or business compliance, WealthSure can help review the broader financial workflow and guide you through the next step.
How WealthSure Can Help with Bank-Detail and Tax Documentation
WealthSure can help when MICR, cancelled cheque or bank-detail verification becomes part of a larger tax, refund or compliance task. MICR confirmation should come from your bank, but the correct use of bank proof in tax and financial documentation often needs careful review.
For example, WealthSure can assist when you are filing an income tax return, validating refund bank details, responding to a tax communication, reporting professional income, filing as an NRI, or organising bank proof for capital gains and compliance documents. The goal is not to replace your bank, but to help you use accurate bank details in the right financial workflow.
Conclusion: Use MICR Correctly Before You Submit Bank Proof
MICR code on cheque is easy to overlook, but it becomes important when a bank, employer, insurer, investment platform or tax workflow needs accurate branch details. The main problem for users is not understanding the technology; it is copying the wrong number, using an outdated cheque, or submitting a cancelled cheque that hides the details the recipient needs to verify.
Self-service is usually enough when you simply need to locate the 9-digit MICR code on a current cheque leaf. Expert support becomes useful when bank-detail verification is connected with income tax filing, refund delays, NRI documentation, business returns, capital gains reporting or formal compliance communication. In those cases, the banking detail is part of a larger financial record, and accuracy matters.
At WealthSure, we don’t just file taxes — we simplify your financial journey and help you build long-term wealth with confidence.
FAQs on MICR Code on Cheque
What is MICR code on cheque?
MICR code on cheque is a 9-digit branch identification code printed in the magnetic-ink line near the bottom of an Indian cheque leaf. MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. Banks and clearing systems use it to read cheque details quickly and route the cheque to the right bank branch during clearing.
For a customer, the MICR code is useful when filling certain banking forms, ECS or NACH mandates, investment account paperwork, insurance forms, refund forms and account-verification requests. It is different from the cheque number and different from the IFSC code. If a form specifically asks for MICR, copy the 9-digit number from the cheque leaf or confirm it through your bank before submission.
Where is the MICR code printed on a cheque leaf?
The MICR code is usually printed at the bottom of a cheque leaf, inside the special machine-readable line. On many Indian cheques, you will see the cheque number first, then a 9-digit MICR code, followed by account or transaction-related details depending on the bank’s cheque design.
The exact layout can vary slightly across banks, so the safest method is to look for a 9-digit number near the bottom that identifies the city, bank and branch. Do not confuse it with the 6-digit cheque number or with the IFSC printed elsewhere on some cheque leaves. If the printed line is faded, damaged or not readable, use your bank passbook, bank statement, branch confirmation or official bank channel before writing it in a formal document.
What do the 9 digits of MICR code mean?
The 9 digits of a MICR code normally represent three parts: city code, bank code and branch code. The first three digits identify the clearing city or location, the next three digits identify the bank, and the last three digits identify the branch. This format helps cheque-clearing systems route cheques correctly.
For example, a MICR code is not just a random number printed for design; it carries structured branch information used by the banking network. While customers do not need to decode every digit for daily banking, they should copy all 9 digits accurately when a form asks for MICR. Writing one wrong digit can delay verification or result in the form being rejected.
Is MICR code the same as IFSC code?
No, MICR code and IFSC code are different. MICR is a 9-digit numeric code mainly associated with cheque clearing and branch identification. IFSC is an 11-character alphanumeric code used for electronic fund transfers such as NEFT, RTGS and IMPS.
Some cheque leaves show both codes, which is why many users confuse them. A form may ask for one or both depending on the purpose. If you are transferring money online, IFSC is usually required. If you are submitting a cancelled cheque or a mandate for bank verification, MICR may also be requested. Always read the form field carefully instead of assuming that one code can replace the other.
How can I find my MICR code without a cheque book?
You can find your MICR code without a cheque book through your bank’s passbook, account statement, branch confirmation, mobile banking, net banking, or official bank support channels, depending on how your bank displays branch details. Some banks also provide branch-locator tools where MICR details can be checked.
If the code is needed for an important mandate, refund, loan, insurance or investment form, it is safer to verify it from an official bank source rather than copying it from an old screenshot or an unofficial directory. Bank mergers, branch changes and account migration can create confusion, so use the current account-linked branch information. When in doubt, ask the branch to confirm the MICR in writing or through official customer support.
Why is MICR code required on a cancelled cheque?
MICR code may be required on a cancelled cheque because the cancelled cheque is often used as proof of bank account details. Organisations may use it to verify the account holder name, account number, bank branch, IFSC and MICR before setting up payments, ECS, NACH, refunds, insurance payouts, investments or salary credits.
A cancelled cheque is not used for withdrawal if it is properly cancelled, but it still reveals sensitive banking details. Therefore, write “CANCELLED” clearly across the cheque without covering the printed account details, IFSC or MICR line. Submit it only to trusted entities and avoid sharing cheque images casually over unsecured channels. WealthSure tax experts may ask for bank proof only when it is relevant to return filing, refund verification or documentation review.
Does MICR code matter for online transfer like NEFT, RTGS or IMPS?
MICR code is generally not the main code used for online fund transfers such as NEFT, RTGS or IMPS. Those transfers depend primarily on the beneficiary’s account number, bank name and IFSC code. However, MICR can still matter in documents connected with cheque clearing, mandates, bank verification and certain institutional forms.
Users sometimes enter MICR in the IFSC field or IFSC in the MICR field, which can cause validation errors. For online transfers, confirm IFSC carefully. For cheque-related or mandate-related paperwork, confirm MICR if asked. If a platform asks for MICR during account verification, copy the 9-digit number accurately from the cheque or official bank record.
What should I do if the MICR code on my cheque is unclear or missing?
If the MICR code on your cheque is unclear, faded, damaged or missing, do not guess the number. Confirm the code from your bank branch, passbook, official statement, mobile banking or bank support before using it in any form. If the cheque leaf itself is damaged, avoid issuing it because clearing systems may not read it properly.
For official submissions, ask the recipient whether a bank statement, passbook copy or bank letter can be accepted instead of a cancelled cheque. If the issue affects tax refund bank validation, salary setup, loan documentation or investment account verification, accurate bank details are more important than speed. Incorrect MICR details can lead to rejection, follow-up requests or payment delays.
Can two branches have the same MICR code?
MICR code is intended to identify a bank branch participating in the relevant clearing arrangement, so branch-level uniqueness is the practical purpose of the code. However, customers should avoid making assumptions during bank mergers, branch relocation or account migration because printed documents may become outdated.
If your branch has shifted, merged or changed after an account transfer, verify the current MICR from your bank before submitting a form. This is especially important when the code is used for mandates, refunds or institutional payments. The safest approach is to treat the code printed on your current cheque book or officially confirmed by the bank as the reliable record.
When should I ask WealthSure for help with MICR or bank-detail verification?
You should ask WealthSure for help when MICR or bank-detail verification is connected with tax filing, refund processing, document matching, compliance paperwork, NRI account reporting, capital gains documentation or notice response. MICR itself is a banking code, so your bank remains the source for confirming the exact code.
WealthSure’s role is to help you use verified bank details correctly in financial and tax workflows. For example, if your ITR refund is delayed because the bank account was not validated, or if a cancelled cheque is needed while filing returns for a business, freelancer or NRI, expert review can help prevent avoidable documentation errors. Self-service is usually enough for simple lookup; expert support is useful when the banking detail affects compliance or money movement.